Athletes’ self-talk involves talking to themselves either out loud or internally during a sport task and occurs “as verbalizations or self-statements addressed to the self” ( Hardy, 2006 , p. 84). Van Raalte, Vincent, and Brewer ( 2016 , p. 141) have proposed a definition that emphasizes the
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Javier Horcajo, Borja Paredes, Guillermo Higuero, Pablo Briñol, and Richard E. Petty
Judy L. Van Raalte, Allen E. Cornelius, Maureen K. Copeskey, and Britton W. Brewer
Research exploring spontaneously generated self-talk has involved recording performers’ self-talk categorized by researchers. The actor-observer bias, suggests that actors (performers) and observers (researchers) may perceive the same situation (e.g., self-talk) differently. The purpose of this study was to explore the actor-observer bias and validity of self-talk categorization. College students’ (n = 30) spontaneous self-talk was audio recorded during a dart throwing task. Participants then listened to and categorized their self-talk. Three independent researchers reviewed written transcripts and categorized the self-talk. Another three researchers who had not read the transcripts listened to audio recordings and categorized the same self-talk. Results confirmed actor-observer bias predictions. Spontaneous self-talk ratings made by participants were similar to but distinct from those made by researchers reading transcripts or listening to self-talk audio recordings. These results suggest that participant categorization of spontaneous self-talk may be a valid strategy to enhance understanding of self-talk used in competitive settings.
Judy L. Van Raalte, Lorraine Wilson, Allen Cornelius, and Britton W. Brewer
The effects of instructional and motivational self-talk have been examined in the literature on self-talk in sport ( Hatzigeorgiadis, Zourbanos, Galanis, & Theodorakis, 2011 ; Tod, Hardy, & Oliver, 2011 ). Research suggests that self-talk is particularly effective when it is matched to the type of
Erika D. Van Dyke, Judy L. Van Raalte, Elizabeth M. Mullin, and Britton W. Brewer
Most self-talk and sport research has been conducted in noncompetitive or laboratory settings ( Hatzigeorgiadis, Zourbanos, Galanis, & Theodorakis, 2011 ; Tod, Hardy, & Oliver, 2011 ). Research related to highly skilled athletes’ self-talk during competition has focused on self-talk frequency (e
Xiaobin Hong, Yingying Liao, Yan Shi, Changzhu Qi, Mengyan Zhao, and Judy L. Van Raalte
The effects of self-talk interventions on sport performance have been widely studied ( Tod, Hardy, & Oliver, 2011 ); however, empirical research in the sport psychology literature has lagged behind self-talk theoretical advances. For example, the sport-specific model of self-talk ( Van Raalte
James Hardy, Nikos Comoutos, and Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis
The foundations of self-talk research are intertwined with the complex interactions between cognition, affect, and behavior, and reflect the origins of the field of sport psychology and its connections with cognitive psychology, personality theories, and social-cognitive approaches to understanding
Yani L. Dickens, Judy Van Raalte, and Russell T. Hurlburt
Although self-talk has been widely advocated as a performance enhancement tool, and the role of self-talk in enhancing sport performance has been well documented, there are still key concerns about the way self-talk is defined ( Hardy, 2006 ), elicited, accessed, and measured ( Brinthaupt, Benson
Evangelos Galanis, Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis, Nikos Comoutos, Fedra Charachousi, and Xavier Sanchez
Self-talk research in sport has flourished due to its direct applied value. It is noteworthy that even the first studies in the sport self-talk literature examined the effectiveness of self-talk strategies on performance (e.g., Rushall, Hall, Roux, Sasseville, & Rushall, 1988 ; Ziegler, 1987
Alexander T. Latinjak, Marc Masó, and Nikos Comoutos
“Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.” This famous quote by Benjamin Franklin illustrates how important active involvement in learning is for learning. In this sense, self-directed attention-focusing strategies such as goal-directed self-talk may be critical in
Behrouz Abdoli, James Hardy, Javad F. Riyahi, and Alireza Farsi
Self-talk can be viewed as statements, phrases, or cue words addressed to the self that can be said automatically or very strategically, either out loud or silently, phrased positively or negatively, having an instructional or motivational purpose, an element of interpretation, and incorporating
