Whether at school, on the sports field, or in the office, in many everyday situations, we are pursuing a task while other people are present and perhaps even evaluating our activity. In competitive sports, spectators are the norm rather than the exception. There is a high likelihood that the
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The Influence of Social Contexts on Motor and Cognitive Performance: Performing Alone, in Front of Others, or Coacting With Others
Christian Kaczmarek, Alexander Schmidt, Anna Sophie Emperle, and Sabine Schaefer
The K League and the Duality of Glocality: Men’s Professional Football in South Korea, 1983–2017
Eunah Hong
American or European leagues because of political, cultural, and social reasons. 5 Also, in most areas, Asia lags behind the football mainstream in other continents, including the number of players and teams, performance level of national teams, number of spectators and size of live and television
Feeling Vital by Watching Sport: The Roles of Team Identification and Stadium Attendance in Enhancing Subjective Vitality
Masayuki Yoshida, Mikihiro Sato, and Jason Doyle
, competence, and relatedness) is positively associated with their subjective vitality ( Gunnell et al., 2014 ). Complementing athlete-focused research, scholars have also begun exploring how the consumption of sporting events impacts spectators and host community residents ( Doyle et al., 2021 ). For sport
Remedying Stereotype Threat Effects in Spectator Sports
Yonghwan Chang, Vicki Schull, and Lisa A. Kihl
benefits of spectating experiences for fans have been widely evidenced across existing scholarship and continue to show promise as an important scholarly inquiry. However, not all fans have equal access to spectator sports and their potential benefits, as these experiences are often determined by a variety
The Effects of Spectators on National Basketball Association Free Throw Performance
Logan T. Markwell, Harjiv Singh, Andrew J. Strick, and Jared M. Porter
The free throw shooting percentage in the National Basketball Association (NBA) has been relatively consistent for approximately 50 years, averaging around 75% ( Stein, 2020 ). Such was the case until the NBA transitioned into spectator-less arenas, during the 2020 season, due to the COVID-19
“Sport is Double-Edged”: A Delphi Study of Spectator Sport and Population Health
Brennan K. Berg, Yuhei Inoue, Matthew T. Bowers, and Packianathan Chelladurai
al., 2015 ; Chalip, 2006 ; Edwards & Rowe, 2019 ; Inoue, Berg, et al., 2015 ; Inoue et al., 2019 ; Rowe et al., 2013 ). One significant subtopic within the sport and population health discourse is understanding the relationship between spectator sport —sport and athletic events provided as
Identities at Youth Sporting Events: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Lindsey J. Meân and Jeffrey W. Kassing
The purpose of this study was to examine identity and spectator/fan communication at youth sporting events. Data were collected through naturalistic observation of 44 youth sporting events. The median age range of the athletes was 6–11 years. Critical discourse analysis revealed the enactment of overlapping and conflicting identities (sports fan/spectator, coach, and parent) and the re/production of the ideology of winning (at all costs) and aggressive competition, rather than participation, support, and “unconditional” encouragement. In particular, the enactment or performance of sports identities, including identification with athletes, was observed to overlap with the enactment of parental identities and identification with children in ways that suggested that the salient issue was enhancement of parent self-categorization as sports spectator/fan, coach, and parent of a great athlete through the success of the child-athlete. That is, talk and identity performance were less about the children and more about parents’ identities.
Predictors of Poor Sportspersonship in Youth Sports: Personal Attitudes and Social Influences
David Light Shields, Nicole M. LaVoi, Brenda Light Bredemeier, and F. Clark Power
The present study examined personal and social correlates of poor sportspersonship among youth sport participants. Male and female athletes (n = 676) in the fifth through eighth grades from three geographic regions of the U.S. participated in the study. Young athletes involved in basketball, soccer, football, hockey, baseball/ softball, or lacrosse completed a questionnaire that tapped poor sportspersonship behaviors and attitudes, team sportspersonship norms, perceptions of the poor sportspersonship behaviors of coaches and spectators, and the sportspersonship norms of coaches and parents. Preliminary analyses revealed significant gender, grade, sport area, and location differences in self-reported unsportspersonlike behavior. The main analysis revealed that self-reported poor sport behaviors were best predicted by perceived coach and spectator behaviors, followed by team norms, sportspersonship attitudes, and the perceived norms of parents and coaches. Results are discussed in relation to the concept of moral atmosphere.
Relationships between Spectator Identification and Spectators' Perceptions of Influence, Spectators' Emotions, and Competition Outcome
Daniel L. Wann, Thomas J. Dolan, Kimberly K. MeGeorge, and Julie A. Allison
Previous research has indicated that spectators can influence the outcomes of athletic competitions. In Study 1, spectators' perceptions of their ability to influence the contests were examined. Results indicated that high levels of identification with sports teams were related to greater perceptions of influence. It was further predicted that high-identification fans would exhibit the most intense affective reactions to competition outcome. In Study 2 this proposition was tested and supported. High-identification fans reported an increase in pre- to postgame positive emotions following a win and an increase in negative emotions following a loss. Emotional changes were minimal for fans low in team identification. Finally, a third study was used to examine possible changes in team identification as a result of competition outcome for historically successful and marginally successful teams. The results indicated that although past team success was an important predictor of identification level, levels were not affected by game outcome.
Measuring Externalities: The Imperative Next Step to Sustainability Assessment in Sport
Brian P. McCullough, Madeleine Orr, and Nicholas M. Watanabe
financial bottom line ( Kellison & Mondello, 2014 ). Moreover, the sport sector has an advantageous position to be a leader in the effort to combat climate change, because of the close affiliation spectators have with their favorite team ( Pfahl, 2011 ). The United Nations created the Sports for Climate
