Much motor performance occurs with a background of timing constraints. The baseball batter must place his or her bat in the right place at the right time. We can consider this a task of anticipation timing. On the other hand, many tasks have the timing of a serial task as a goal. The classic
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Nobuyuki Inui and Takuya Ichihara
To examine the relation between timing and force control during finger tapping sequences by both pianists and nonpianists, participants lapped a force plate connected to strain gauges. A series of finger tapping tasks consisted of 16 combinations of pace (intertap interval: 180. 200, 400. or 800 ms) and peak force (50, 100. 200. or 400 g). Analysis showed that, although movement timing was independent of force control under low or medium pace conditions, there were strong interactions between the 2 parameters under high pace conditions. The results indicate that participants adapted the movement by switching from separately controlling these parameters in the slow and moderate movement to coupling them in the fast movement. While variations in intertap interval affected force production by nonpianists. they had little effect for pianists. The ratios of time-to-peak force to press duration increased linearly in pianists but varied irregularly in nonpianists, as the required force decreased. Thus, pianists regulate peak force by timing control of peak force to press duration, suggesting that training affects the relationship between the 2 parameters.
Nobuyuki Inui and Yumi Katsura
We conducted an experiment to examine age-related differences in the control of force and timing in a finger-tapping sequence with an attenuated-force tap. Participants between 7 and 20 years old tapped on a load cell with feedback on practice trials. They were required to recall the force pattern (300 g, 300 g, 300 g, 100 g) and the intertap interval (400 ms) without feedback on test trials. Analysis indicated that the last attenuated tap affected the first three taps of the tapping sequence in adults and adolescents but not in children. Adults and adolescents appeared to respond with four taps as a chunk, resulting in a contextual effect on the timing of force control, but younger children had difficulty with such chunking. Further, adults and adolescents were able to more accurately produce individual force magnitudes to match target magnitudes than younger children. For the ratio of force in serial positions 1:4, 2:4, and 3:4, consequently, 7- to 8-year-old children had lower ratios than the other age groups. Although there was no difference among age groups for timing control of peak force to press duration as a control strategy of force, 7- to 8-year-old children spent more time to produce force than the other age groups. Peak force with a decreased force was more variable in the attenuated force serial position (4) than in the other serial positions in all five age groups. Peak force variability was particularly robust in younger children. These findings suggest that younger children have difficulty with both temporal and spatial (i.e., magnitude) components of force control.
Campbell Menzies, Michael Wood, Joel Thomas, Aaron Hengist, Jean-Philippe Walhin, Robbie Jones, Kostas Tsintzas, Javier T. Gonzalez, and James A. Betts
carbohydrate to ingest during exercise ( Jeukendrup, 2014 ), there is a limited evidence base regarding when carbohydrate should be ingested (i.e., the timing/pattern of nutrient delivery). The timing of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise can mediate various physiological responses that impact
Harry J. Meeuwsen, Sinah L. Goode, and Noreen L. Goggin
The purpose of this experiment was to replicate and extend earlier experiments used to investigate the effect of the motor response, experience with open skills, and gender on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy. Fifteen males and fifteen females, who were all right-eye and right-hand dominant, performed a switch-press and a hitting coincident-anticipation timing task on a Bassin Anticipation Timing apparatus with stimulus speeds of 4 mph, 8 mph, and 12 mph. Level of experience with open skills was determined by a self-report questionnaire and vision was screened using the Biopter Vision Test. Experience with open skills explained some of the variable error data, possibly supporting a socio-cultural explanation of gender differences. Males performed with less variable and absolute error than females, while performance bias was different for the genders on the two tasks. All participants performed with less absolute error on the 8 mph stimulus speed. The type of task and stimulus speed affected performance variability differently. Based on the task characteristics and these data, it was concluded that optimal effector anticipation is more strongly linked to stimulus speed than receptor anticipation. Future studies will have to confirm this conclusion.
Stefan Altmann, Steffen Ringhof, Benedikt Becker, Alexander Woll, and Rainer Neumann
Sprint testing plays a key role in the physical assessment of team sport athletes. Most commonly, timing lights are the method of choice for measuring sprint capacities. 1 However, in terms of single-beam timing lights, the system can be triggered prematurely by an athlete’s upper or lower limbs
Kazumichi Ae, Dave Burke, Takashi Kawamura, and Sekiya Koike
baseball movements such as throwing and hitting are complex skills, differences in the coordination of the multijoint movement would affect the generation of the distal point velocity. Herring and Chapman 9 described changes in timing of the onset of joint torques in a simulated throwing motion maximized
Leah M. Schumacher, J. Graham Thomas, Rena R. Wing, Hollie A. Raynor, Ryan E. Rhodes, and Dale S. Bond
interfere with regular MVPA). 11 , 17 , 18 However, few studies have examined exercise timing’s association with processes that may be important for building a consistent exercise routine, such as increased exercise automaticity. Thus, among a sample of physically active NWCR members who completed 2
Arturo Forner-Cordero, Virgínia H. Quadrado, Sitsofe A. Tsagbey, and Bouwien C.M. Smits-Engelsman
perturbations lead to adaptations, which are stronger ( Krakauer & Shadmehr, 2006 ) and more general ( Malfait & Ostry, 2004 ) than those adaptations caused by sudden and obvious perturbations. The coincident timing task consists of reaching a fixed target with the hand at the same instant as a moving cue
Jacob Szeszulski, Kevin Lanza, Erin E. Dooley, Ashleigh M. Johnson, Gregory Knell, Timothy J. Walker, Derek W. Craig, Michael C. Robertson, Deborah Salvo, and Harold W. Kohl III
relevant for children and adolescents, because it excludes youth-specific contextual factors (eg, school setting). Accordingly, a new framework that identifies the timing, how, and setting of youth physical activity is needed in order to better inform physical activity surveillance, research, and program
