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angiostasis or capillary rarefaction ( Olfert, Baum, Hellsten, & Egginton, 2016 ). To date, dozens of angioregulatory factors have been identified ( Egginton, 2009 ). These include the potent mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the angiostatic factors thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and endostatin

not entirely clear but have been linked to an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, hypoxic-inducible factor 1, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 ( 19 , 21 , 36 ). It is important to note that the release of EPCs in response to physical activity occurs

-related cognitive decline ( Barnes, 2015 ), with key growth factors a likely mechanism, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are associated with neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and vascular growth, respectively

). The intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were less than 7%, and the least detection limit was 1 µg/mL. Using Evidence ® Biochip Array Technology (Randox Laboratories Ltd, Crumlin, UK), ILs (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 1α, and 1β), vascular endothelial growth factor, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, EGF, and

hypoxia was able to accelerate release of neurotransmitters related to vasodilator or vasculogenesis, such as nitric oxide, hypoxia-inducible factor 1, 19 and vascular endothelial growth factor. 20 , 21 To date, the physiological mechanism underlying vascular adaptations to hypoxic exercise training had

exercise recovery in athletes. The EECP-induced shear stress stimulates vasodilatation through the release of nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor. 7 , 9 In addition, EECP might improve endothelial function and increase venous return, blood flow velocity, cardiac preload, and cardiac output

elevated immediately following acute heat or hypoxic exposure, 11 as well as periods of heat acclimation, 12 and assist in the stabilization of HIF-1 α 7 during cellular stress. Activating the HIF-1 α pathway signals the release of erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to promote

ID: 25638041 doi:10.1093/arclin/acv001 10.1093/arclin/acv001 25638041 27. Kang D , Bressel E , Kim D . Effects of aquatic exercise on insulin-like growth factor-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cognitive function in elderly women . Exp Gerontol

( Hampson, Driesen, Skudlarski, Gore, & Constable, 2006 ). Finally, it has been speculated that exercise-induced neurogenesis and angiogenesis is potentiated by an increase in some molecules such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor