Modern Pentathlon is an Olympic sport that combines 5 different disciplines: fencing, swimming, running, shooting (combined in the laser-run event), and, from 2024 onward (as per the decision made at 72nd Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne Congress in November 2022), an obstacle course. Athletes accumulate points and are ranked based on their fencing (épée), swimming (200 m), and obstacle (formerly riding) performances. The final event of combined laser run is a pursuit race determined by points earned in prior disciplines. The rules for Modern Pentathlon are governed by the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne and underwent several revisions over the years, affecting not only the organization and outline of disciplines, but also their weighting and sequencing. The replacement of the traditional equestrian discipline with the new Obstacle discipline after the 2024 Olympic Games will cause major changes in Modern Pentathlon.
In an effort to create a more broadcast-friendly event, the competition duration and discipline order will be condensed from events lasting up to 8 hours1–3 to a 90-minute session for the (semi) finals of the 2024 Olympic Games—and possibly beyond. These substantial changes will impact training, testing, and recovery management of pentathletes before, during, and after the 2024 Olympic Games. By discussing physiological, technical, and tactical implications of the different disciplines, our intention is to provide insights and practical recommendations for athletes, researchers, and coaches in the field of Modern Pentathlon.
Fencing
Fencing plays a crucial role in Modern Pentathlon, with athletes participating in 2 fencing rounds: an initial ranking round and a subsequent bonus round, where all pentathletes fence against each other, with points from the ranking round carried over. From a psychological point of view, fencing demands repetitive fast and accurate decision making.4 Physically, the underlying lunge is considered the core movement pattern of fencing.5 Testing fencing-specific lunge performance typically involves assessing stepping time, velocity, jumping ability, and dynamometric tests.6–9 During the initial phase of the lunge, ankle plantar flexors, and knee, as well as hip extensors of the trailing leg provide propulsion. Subsequently, additional power is generated from the knee extensor muscles and hip flexors of the leading leg during the flight phase.10 Thus, greater lower-extremity strength/power is associated with higher lunging velocities and quicker fencing moves.11,12
High-explosive strength and speed development are crucial for successful fencing.13 To improve the explosive actions during the initial 200–300 ms of the lunge movement, a combination of resistance and ballistic training is recommended.14,15 Additionally, extensor muscles of the leading leg have to be trained eccentrically for the landing phase of the lunge.8 This asymmetry in fencing movements16 may result in arm and leg asymmetries (eg, higher muscle cross-sectional areas in the dominant forearm,17 the leading leg,11,18 and a significantly higher handgrip and isokinetic leg strength on the dominant side).11,13 These specific adaptations might pose problems as muscular asymmetries have been identified to interfere with dynamic balance performance.19,20 Although no significant differences in dynamic balance performance (Y-Balance-Test) between the leading and trailing leg have been found in elite fencers,21 training programs to minimize muscular imbalances and improve dynamic balance performance should not be neglected in terms of athlete development and injury prevention.22 A higher range of motion of both legs may also improve fencing performance, as it enables a low on-guard position, providing the ability to adjust the movement of the leading leg.23 Since the fencing lunge is preceded by a backward displacement of the center of pressure,24 fencers must also adequately process vestibular and proprioceptive sensory input.25 In this context, trained fencers exhibit typical patterns of anticipatory postural adjustment.26 Thus, specific balance training may be beneficial to improve fencing performance,5,27,28 mainly through integrating vestibular and proprioceptive information for static balance control.5 As a remaining special prerequisite in Modern Pentathlon, due to 35 rounds of 1-versus-1 matches in the bonus round, a high physiological resilience is essential.29 It seems therefore reasonable to train and maintain postural control under fatiguing conditions and to repeatedly carry out explosive movements of the lower extremities, especially from fencing-specific positions.
Swimming
Modern Pentathlon includes a 200-m freestyle swimming discipline, wherein physiological (ie, [an]aerobic endurance capacity), technical skills, and morphological factors are integral.30–32 In addition to a high aerobic capacity (maximal oxygen uptake [
Approximately 80% of propulsion during crawl/freestyle swimming is generated through the arm pull, especially during the catch and pull phase.44–46 The push and pull phases of the arms are crucial to generate a large and strong vortex around the trunk and behind the athlete.47 Therefore, semispecific land-based tests such as vertical or horizonal lat pull performance48 or torque generated in an abducted externally rotated position of the shoulder46,49 are strongly linked to swimming power and performance. High correlations have also been identified between squat 1-repetition-maximum and 15-m starting time.50 Thus, 2 to 3 sessions of explosive strength training and (plyometric) jumping exercise over 4 to 20 weeks reduced starting51 and swimming time over 25- to 400-m.52–57 Additionally, a 12-week whole-body strength training block (3 sets per muscle group; 80%–90% 1-repetition-maximum) resulted in notable reductions of 50-m time in competitive swimmers.58 Finally, technical and tactical aspects such as glide efficiency through the correction of postural faults,59 increasing the distance coverage underwater,60 or aiming for an average-even pacing strategy should be targeted.61 Thus, it seems reasonable to recommend a combination of (semi)swim-specific land-based strength exercises focusing on the arms and explosively performed high-load strength exercises for the legs with additional plyometric sessions. Moreover, pentathletes should emphasize technical and tactical improvements such as posture correction, glide efficiency, and pacing strategies. This is especially important as in the future during the television (TV)-friendly 90-minute competition, swimming will likely be held in a 25-m instead of an Olympic size 50-m pool. Consequently, the already crucial aspect of turns, including explosive leg extension,62 will become increasingly important.
Obstacle
During Obstacle, athletes navigate as quickly as possible through a 60- to 70-m course featuring 8 different obstacles, varying in length from 2.0 to 7.5 m. To overcome these obstacles, pentathletes must climb over walls; balance on slopes, giant steps, or balance beams; swing on suspended bars, wheels, rings, or tilted ladders; and eventually (after roughly 20–40 s) run up a 3.5-m high-finishing ramp (https://www.uipmworld.org/obstacle). Although movement patterns and physical demands of Obstacle share similarities with ninja, obstacle courses, and adventure racing, scientific evidence is scarce. Insights from climbing, (military) parkour, and gymnastics research may however be applicable. In a military parkour speed-run, faster athletes exhibited higher relative anaerobic power in the arms and legs, as well as higher 1-repetition-maximum on the leg press and latissimus pull-down machine.63 Similarly, high and moderate correlations between parkours speed-run performance and agility time (T-test; r = .824) and between parkours speed-run performance and countermovement jump/standing long jump performance (−.514 ≤ r ≤ −.649) have been reported, respectively.64 Therefore, well-developed lower-extremity strength, power, and agility seem beneficial. Given that many obstacles involve hanging elements, and thus bearing similarities to climbing, improving finger and hand grip strength, along with upper-limb power and local endurance, has been emphasized.65 Most obstacles require forward swings on suspended bars, wheels, rings, or tilted ladder, thus yielding a higher activation of core and lower body muscles (eg, rectus abdominis, external oblique, iliopsoas, and tensor fasciae latae).66 Thus, an integrative training approach focusing on the improvement of upper body strength and power, with a special focus on forearm and hand grip strength, seems advisable.
Laser Run
The laser run, which combines running and pistol shooting, constitutes the final part of the pentathlon competition. Organized as a pursuit race (athletes start with a handicap based on the summed points gathered in the previous disciplines), it determines the overall outcome of the modern pentathlon event.67,68 Since 2022, athletes need to cover 5 intervals of 600-m (previously 3 × 1000-m and 4 × 800-m), interspersed by 4 shooting series, where they are required to hit 5 laser targets from a 10-m distance. During the running intervals, Pentathletes reach 96% (Standard Deviation: 3%) of their maximum heart rate and 100% (5%) of their
In turn, increased fatigue induced by a higher running velocity is considered the main factor impeding fast and accurate shooting, as it negatively affects the shooting position.70 Nevertheless, when comparing the physiologically induced (ie, via running) tremor complexity and effective aiming rate, a significant decrement in both parameters from the resting condition to the first shooting session can be observed, but no further decrement in shooting performance thereafter.70,71 Thus, the disturbance in balance seems to occur after the first running interval and maintain its magnitude over the subsequent shooting sequences.70,71 This assertion is supported by findings showing no significant differences in shooting time and score, pistol movement, and center of pressure movement range between the different shooting series.67 However, as it is not necessary to hit the exact center of the target (unlike in competitions such as air pistol), it seems reasonable to trade accuracy for increased shooting speed, and thus train shooting performance in a fatigued state.72 Additionally, as pentathletes hold the weapon in a completely outstretched hand, the weight of the arm and pistol will lead to a substantial disturbance of postural control, forcing the athletes to counteract by leaning their upper body backward.70 Thus, to maintain gun stability in this position, improving strength performance and coordination of the shoulder and forearm, hand, and finger muscles is required.73–75
New TV-Friendly 90-Minute Format
For the 2024 Olympic Games, the (semi)finals will be condensed into a 90-minute format, with a reorganized order of disciplines (riding, fencing, swimming, and laser run). Athletes will then have only 5 to 15 minutes to prepare for the next and recover from the previous discipline. Pentathletes will have to implement evidence-guided “peri-exercise” routines such as combining active and passive recovery after swimming to enhance muscle reoxygenation,76 applying cold-water immersion of the arms after Obstacle77 to accelerate the recovery for shooting,78 and designing rehydration strategies to minimize the detrimental effects of dehydration,79 especially after fencing.80 Furthermore, tactical elements must be considered: due to swimming being held in a 25-m pool instead of an Olympic-sized 50-m pool, the already crucial aspect of turns, including explosive leg extension,62 will become increasingly important.
Practical Applications and Conclusions
There is documented and trustworthy evidence on physiological, technical, and tactical aspects of the different disciplines of Modern Pentathlon (Figure 1). In this commentary, we emphasize the effect of the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne’s decisions to replace riding with Obstacle and to implement a more TV-friendly format. Athletes require a well-rounded training approach that balances discipline specificity with an integrative view of a multisport event covering a wide variety of interlinked physical aspects of all disciplines within 90 minutes. Highly developed lower- and upper-extremity strength and power, as well as a well-developed anaerobic and aerobic endurance capacity, need to be emphasized. Additionally, pentathletes require the ability to perform specific and repetitive explosive movements while precisely executing technical maneuvers or maintaining stable positions. To properly adapt to the new TV-friendly format, athletes and coaches should focus on individually tailored peri-exercise routines.
—Theoretical framework for the physical requirements of Modern Pentathlon. Basic and integrative requirements may be targeted via cross-training approaches, while specific requirements are discipline-specific. ROM indicates range of motion;
Citation: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 19, 11; 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0163
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