Capoeira is a cultural manifestation of Afro-Brazilian origin, which has its ritualistic aspects and characteristics of fighting, playing, and dancing with musicality and socialization.1 Regarding fighting, capoeira athletes (capoeiristas) develop games and/or combats in which blows, dodges, and acrobatic movements are performed.2 This fighting art has several types of games that differ in rhythm, physical, physiological, and perceptual demands.3,4 With the competitive aspect in mind, the capoeira sporting process has increased in recent decades, with regional, national, and international competitions taking place. In this sense, the Brazilian Association for the Support and Development of the Art of Capoeira (Associação Brasileira de Apoio e Desenvolvimento da Arte Capoeira—ABADÁ-Capoeira) has held a biannual international competition called the “ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games.”5
The competition has its own characteristics and rules, which seek to preserve the nature of the sport. In the regulations, athletes must play cooperative games, establishing a body dialogue formed by questions (attacks) and answers (dodges followed by a counterattack), allowing both players to perform at their best. A panel of jurors made up of capoeira masters evaluate the games according to the criteria: (1) technique and creativity, (2) rhythm/ characterization, (3) objectivity, (4) continuity, and (5) game volume.
The evaluation takes place during the game with the observation and subjective judgment of the jurors based on the aforementioned criteria. A score is assigned for the game (double) and individually for each game developed.5 The competition has 5 phases, being: (1) eliminatory, (2) round of 16 (eighth-finals), (3) quarterfinals, (4) semifinals, and (5) finals, in which athletes must play 3 different game rhythms (Benguela, Siriuna, and São Bento da ABADÁ). Unlike male athletes, for female athletes, due to the smaller number of participants, the competition contains 4 phases starting with the eighth-finals.
Sports success is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon6 that can be explained by several factors, such as body dimensions, physical and motor capacities, experience in the sport, and even specific situations of the competition. Anthropometric aspects and motor performance of several combat sports have been established in the literature due to their association with competitive performance.7–12 Monitoring and modulating variables related to specific physical abilities associated with the sport may have practical implications for the athlete’s training process, which, in turn, may have a significant impact on performance in competitions.13–15 However, such information is still scarce among female capoeira athletes.
Understanding the relation between body composition and physical fitness level16,17 is essential since motor performance aspects predict competitive performance in combat sports.14,15,18 Thus, studies aimed at understanding candidate variables that are associated with competitive performance, especially among women in capoeira, are relevant, as they could help capoeiristas and coaches in the process of athletic preparation for a competition.
Although female participation in competitions is still lower when compared with males, women represent around 22% of the members of the ABADÁ-Capoeira,19 which justifies targeting with specific attention to this population. It is also noteworthy that such investigations are relevant both for fans of the sport and for the scientific community. Given the possible relationships between the variables of anthropometric, motor, and age aspects with the competitive performance of women in capoeira, contributions will be possible aiming at an optimized and effective training process aiming at the comprehensive improvement of capoeira practitioners.
Therefore, this study aimed to verify the association of anthropometric variables and motor performance with the competitive indicators of female athletes participating in the World Capoeira Games.
Methods
Subjects
The sample was selected by convenience and in a nonprobabilistic way. It comprised 42 female capoeiristas (Brazil, Portugal, Switzerland, Japan, Germany, Belgium, United States, Russia, Spain, Czech Republic, Canada, Slovakia, France, Mexico, and Israel) who graduated in the sport and participated in the 12th ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games in August 2019. Data collection was carried out at the Mestre Bimba Educational Center in the city of Cachoeira de Macacu, RJ, Brazil, and Fundição Progresso in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. The inclusion criteria were (1) being female, (2) graduated in the sport (from the blue belt), and (3) being a participant in the 12th ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games. The reporting of the study follows the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.20 After approval by the Ethics and Research Deontology Committee of the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (Approval No. 2.210.868—CEDEP—UNIVASF), all participants were informed of the procedures to be adopted in the research and signed an informed consent form.
Study Design
A cross-sectional study verified the role of anthropometric aspects and motor performance in the competitive performance of female capoeiristas from 15 countries during an international competition. A single session of anthropometric and motor evaluation was performed during the 12th ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games, allowing the actual calculation of the competitive performance of each athlete. Subsequently, the relationships between the independent and dependent variables were investigated.
Methodology
Anthropometric and motor performance assessments took place throughout the 12th ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games according to the availability of the competitors. The anthropometric variables were measured by a single experienced evaluator, starting with body mass (EKS 9824, digital scale with 0.1 kg accuracy) and height (tape measure with sequential scale in millimeters fixed on the wall 1 m from the ground). The body mass index was calculated using the equation: body mass/height2. Waist circumference, abdominal circumference, medial thigh circumference, medial leg circumference, contracted arm circumference, and relaxed arm circumference were measured using an anthropometric tape (CESCORF). The biepicondylar bone diameters of the humerus and femur were measured using a 16-cm-long caliper with a scale in millimeters (CESCORF). The triceps, subscapular, supraspinatus, medial axillary, abdominal, medial thigh, and medial leg skinfolds were evaluated in triplicate using an adipometer (CESCORF/Mitutoyo). To estimate body density, we used Jackson et al’s21 equation of 3 skinfolds specific for women, and subsequently, body fat percentage was estimated from Siri’s22 equation. In addition, the somatotype was evaluated by the method of Heath and Carter,23 which used 4 skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinatus, and medial leg), 2 bone diameters (humerus and femur), and 3 circumferences (contracted arm circumference, relaxed arm circumference, and medial thigh circumference). Subsequently, the somatotype components ectomorphy, mesomorphy, and endomorphy were calculated using specific equations to analyze the results.
The capoeira athletes were oriented to perform their best in each physical test, guided by experienced evaluators. Each test was performed by a single evaluator in the following order: (1) sit and reach (SR) test using a Wells bench (Sanny) to assess the motion range of the posterior chain joints,24 (2) quadrant jump (QDJ) test to measure the ability to move agilely,25 and (3) push-up (PU) and (4) trunk flexion (TF) to measure upper limb and abdominal muscle endurance. In PU and TF, the objective was to perform the highest number of repetitions (reps) in 1 minute25; (5) countermovement jump (CMJ) test to evaluate the power of lower limbs from a contact mat (CEFISE)26,27 in which, at the moment the person’s feet lose contact with the mat, a timer is triggered in the software. The timer stops when the person’s feet touch the mat again. Thus, the flight time is measured and the jump height is calculated. The SR, QDJ, and CMJ tests were executed 3 times with a 60-second interval between each execution, and the best performance of the evaluated person was recorded.
The ranking of each participant in the 12th ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games was obtained, and the phases reached by the capoeiristas were adopted as a measure of competitive performance in the sport. The competition had the following phases: (1) the eighth-finals, (2) the quarterfinals, (3) the semifinals, and (4) the finals. The competitors received a score for each game played in each phase. The scores were added up, and a score was obtained for each competition phase. The highest scores in the phases are considered the best competitive performances, and the lowest scores are considered the worst performances. The capoeira athletes who obtained the highest scores advanced to subsequent phases. Scoring in each phase allowed the competition score (CS) to be calculated by adding up all the scores earned in each phase. Additionally, the average increment score (AIS) was calculated, which is the ratio of CS to the number of completed phases.28
Statistical Analyses
The normality of the data was verified using the Shapiro–Wilk test, which indicated that the sample of capoeiristas showed a nonparametric data distribution. The descriptive analysis was made from the mean, SD, and 95% CI. Association tests were performed using the Spearman correlation coefficient and ordinal logistic regression, analyzing anthropometric variables with motor performance (independent variables) and then motor performance with competitive performance (dependent variable). The significance level adopted was P < .05, and all analyses were done in SPSS software (version 22.0) for Windows.
Results
General characteristics, anthropometrics, somatotype, and motor performance of female capoeiristas participating in the ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games are presented in Table 1.
General Characteristics, Competition Scores, Anthropometry, Somatotype, and Motor Performance of Female Competitors in the ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games (N = 42)
| Mean (SD); CV | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|
| General | ||
| Age, y | 32.1 (8.8); 27.4% | 29.4–34.9 |
| Practice time, y | 15.1 (7.9); 52.3% | 12.6–17.6 |
| Average score increment, points | 22,726.0 (5664.8); 24.9% | 20,960.7–24,491.3 |
| Accumulated score, points | 47,152.9 (33,783.4); 71.6% | 36,625.2–57,680.5 |
| Anthropometry | ||
| Body mass, kg | 63.2 (6.3); 9.9% | 61.2–65.2 |
| Height, cm | 161.8 (4.4); 2.7% | 160.4–163.2 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 73.9 (6.1); 8.2% | 71.8–71.9 |
| Abdominal circumference, cm | 79.9 (6.6); 8.2% | 77.8–81.9 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.1 (1.9); 7.8% | 23.5–24.7 |
| Body fat, % | 23.4 (4.4); 18.8% | 22.0–24.7 |
| Somatotype | ||
| Endomorphy | 4.5 (1.3); 28.8% | 4.1–4.9 |
| Mesomorphy | 0.46 (1.4); 304.4% | 0.1–0.9 |
| Ectomorphy | 1.32 (0.6); 45.4% | 1.1–1.5 |
| Motor performance | ||
| Sit and reach, cm | 41.1 (4.6); 11.1% | 39.6–42.5 |
| Push-up, reps | 41.1 (11.2); 27.2% | 37.6–44.6 |
| Trunk flexion, reps | 42.6 (7.1); 16.6% | 40.4–44.8 |
| Countermovement jump test, cm | 27.3 (3.6); 13.1% | 26.2–28.5 |
| Quadrant jump test, points | 32.4 (3.3); 10.1% | 31.3–33.4 |
Abbreviations: ABADÁ-Capoeira, Associação Brasileira de Apoio e Desenvolvimento da Arte Capoeira; CV, coefficient of variation; reps, repetitions.
Table 2 presents the correlations between anthropometric variables and motor performance of female capoeiristas. Negative and moderate correlations of abdominal circumference with PU and CMJ occurred. A moderate and negative correlation was observed between body mass index and TF. The body fat percentage was negatively and moderately correlated with the PU, TF, and CMJ. Moreover, somatotype components showed correlations with PU and TF.
Correlation Matrix (Rho) Between Anthropometric Variables and Motor Performance of Female Competitors in the ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games (N = 42)
| SR, cm | PU, reps | TF, reps | CMJ, cm | QDJ, points | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BM, kg | .07 | −.19 | −.20 | −.06 | .21 |
| Height, cm | .08 | −.14 | .05 | −.13 | −.12 |
| WC, cm | −.82 | −.25 | −.23 | −.27 | .01 |
| AC, cm | −.10 | −.39* | −.24 | −.32* | .08 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | .02 | −.13 | −.32* | −.11 | .19 |
| BF, % | −.06 | −.38* | −.36* | −.34* | .25 |
| ECTO | −.01 | .10 | .32* | .09 | −.20 |
| MESO | .24 | .32* | .08 | .22 | −.02 |
| ENDO | −.17 | −.37* | −.46** | −.21 | .14 |
Abbreviations: ABADÁ-Capoeira, Associação Brasileira de Apoio e Desenvolvimento da Arte Capoeira; AC, abdominal circumference; BF, body fat; BM, body mass; BMI, body mass index; CMJ, countermovement jump test; ECTO, ectomorphy; ENDO, endomorphy; MESO, mesomorphy; PU, push-up; QDJ, quadrant jump test; reps, repetitions; SR, sit and reach; TF, trunk flexion test; WC, waist circumference.
*P < .05. **P < .01.
Table 3 presents the correlation results between anthropometric variables, motor performance, and competitive performance indicators of the women capoeiristas. Moderate and positive correlations were verified for AIS with CMJ and QDJ and CS with CMJ and QDJ.
Correlation Matrix (Rho) Among Anthropometric Variables, Motor Performance, and Competitive Performance Indicators of Female Competitors in the ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games (N = 42)
| BM, kg | Height, cm | WC, cm | AC, cm | BMI, kg/m2 | BF, % | ECTO | MESO | ENDO | SR, cm | PU, reps | TF, reps | CMJ, cm | QDJ, points | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CS, points | .13 | .14 | −.17 | −.15 | .01 | −.12 | .08 | .09 | −.28 | .26 | .07 | .30 | .32* | .32* |
| AIS, points | .14 | .07 | −.15 | −.15 | .03 | −.09 | .03 | .08 | −.29 | .21 | .09 | .28 | .33* | .35* |
Abbreviations: ABADÁ-Capoeira, Associação Brasileira de Apoio e Desenvolvimento da Arte Capoeira; AC, abdominal circumference; AIS, average increment score; BF, body fat; BM, body mass; BMI, body mass index; CMJ, countermovement jump test; CS, competition score; ECTO, ectomorphy; ENDO, endomorphy; MESO, mesomorphy; PU, push-up; QDJ, quadrant jump test; reps, repetitions; SR, sit and reach; TF, trunk flexion test; WC, waist circumference.
*P < .05.
Finally, advancement in the competition stages was predicted by the motor performance with the CMJ, QDJ, and TF tests (P < .05). Figure 1 presents the odds ratios, evidencing that one more unit in each of the aforementioned motor tests increases the probability by 23.0%, 23.9%, and 12.6%, respectively, for female capoeira athletes to advance to the subsequent phase of the competition.
—Ordinal logistic regression between phases in the competition and CMJ test (A), QDJ test (B), and TF test (C) of the female competitors participating in the ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games (N = 42). ABADÁ-Capoeira indicates Associação Brasileira de Apoio e Desenvolvimento da Arte Capoeira; CMJ, countermovement jump; DJ, quadrant jump; TF, trunk flexion; QDJ, quadrant jump.
Citation: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 20, 2; 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0436
Discussion
Negative and significant correlations were found between anthropometric and motor variables of the capoeira athletes participating in the ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games (Table 2). The main findings showed that the results of the CMJ and QDJ tests were positively correlated with the indicators of competitive performance (CS and AIS) in the investigated sample (Table 3). Additionally, it was possible to verify that a better performance in the CMJ, QDJ, and TF tests has predictive power, increasing the chance of female capoeiristas to advance to a higher phase in the competition (Figure 1).
Burdukiewicz et al29 when examining the physical characteristics of 154 Polish athletes (21.2 [1.81] y of age and 7.5 [3.43] y of fighting experience) practicing various combat sports who participated in university championships found that the sample presented morphological optimization, with low body fat and mesomorphic component predominance. This differs from the participants in the present study, who presented higher values for anthropometric variables, with the exception of body height. Rossi30 and Marković et al26 corroborating Burdukiewicz et al29 investigated the body composition of elite female athletes in karate and taekwondo, respectively, and when analyzed against the present study, it is noted that the capoeiristas in the present study are older, heavier, and have a higher body fat (Table 1) in relation to karate and taekwondo athletes.
Eighty-five footballers from the Norwegian national team, with 23.5 (3.6) years old, have a higher jumping (30.4 [4.2] cm) when compared, in absolute values, with the capoeiristas (27.3 [3.6] cm), as well as the Italian football team (n = 21, 25.8 [3.9] y) with jumps of 31.6 (4.0) cm. Corroborating Haugen et al31 and Castagna and Castellini,32 Marković et al26 investigated 13 athletes from the Croatian national taekwondo team (21.5 [4.1] y, body mass = 60.1 [9.0] kg, fat percentage = 16.5% [2.7%]) and found jump in the CMJ test of 30.6 (3.4) cm, PU = 24.4 (3.4) reps, TF = 55.2 (6.1) reps, and SR = 55.8 (4.8) cm. So, in absolute values, the capoeiristas in the present study jump less (27.3 [3.6] cm), have less abdominal resistance (TF = 42.6 [7.1] reps), and have less flexibility in the posterior thigh muscles and thoracolumbar region (SR = 41.1 [4.6] cm); however, they have more muscular resistance located in the upper limbs (PU = 41.1 [11.2] reps). Additionally, Haugen et al31 and Castagna and Castellini32 found higher absolute values in the CMJ test when evaluating elite female soccer players.
Although capoeiristas are participants in high-level international championships, they are still considered recreational athletes. This is because although the sportivization of capoeira is occurring over time, the lack of universalization of this modality prevents advances in the professionalization of the practitioner who aims at high-level competitive processes. It is also speculated that in females, due to associated historical and cultural processes, the aspect of the athlete’s professionalization is even more impaired.
The found results corroborate other studies.11,12,33,34 In a previous study, Tsolakis, Kostaki, and Vagenas12 investigated anthropometric and strength factors and their associations with motor characteristics of the lower limbs during the performance of specific fencing tests in 33 athletes of the Greek national team (18 women and 15 men). Those authors12 demonstrated that the power of the lower limbs was a predictor of the specific fencing tests, and thigh circumference and body fat percentage were predictors of the transportation test in fencing. This study showed that lower-limb power and agility correlate with competitive performance indicators in women capoeiristas and that both motor variables are predictors of phase advancement during international capoeira competition.
In capoeira, similar to taekwondo,8 actions with high power demands on the lower limbs seem to contribute to success in international competitions. Therefore, evaluating the motor performance of athletes, especially in percussion fights (capoeira and taekwondo), using vertical jump tests is a practical and essential option. It is noteworthy that the ability to generate and sustain power output through muscular actions that require the stretching–shortening cycle of the lower limbs may have important implications for the technical and tactical actions of the previously mentioned combat sports.8
The literature has shown aspects that influence, even if partially, the competitive performance of combat-sport athletes. Guidetti, Musulin and Baldari15 investigated the relationship between the classification of 8 boxing athletes in competition and physiological factors. Those authors verified that the anaerobic threshold, maximum oxygen consumption, and upper-body muscular strength were associated with performance in boxing. Kons et al18 verified that the neuromuscular performance in the upper and lower limbs and specific evaluations of judo influenced position in the competitive ranking of the athletes. Besides, the anaerobic capacity was the variable that best explained the position in the ranking of the judo athletes. In the present study, it was possible to verify that in female capoeiristas the phases reached in the competition were directly related to the performance in the motor tests of TF, QDJ, and CMJ (Figure 1).
Regarding the limitations faced by this study, it is important to highlight the nonuse of gold standard tests to evaluate anthropometric aspects and motor performance. Nevertheless, the external validity and practical application of techniques with low cost and easy adoption, similar to those used in this paper, may become a more reasonable option for the coach/evaluator of the combat sports practitioner who often manages the macrocycle of his athlete with up to 6 competitions a year. Another limitation is that the results are limited to the sample studied. Furthermore, the cross-sectional nature of the research allows only inferences of association among the variables, not making it possible to establish causal relationships. However, this study is the first to investigate the association of anthropometric aspects and motor performance with the competitive performance of female capoeiristas in world games.
Practical Applications
The relationships evidenced between anthropometric and motor variables and the competitive performance of women in capoeira games may help the team responsible for planning and managing the training and nutrition process in this sport. In this way it is necessary to emphasize the overall improvement of body composition, such as the reduction of the endomorphic component, which has shown an inverse association with the motor performance of athletes. Such information may also contribute to an optimized and efficient training process, improving the motor skills of capoeira practitioners, especially to improve localized muscular endurance of the upper limbs and abdomen and the agility and power of the lower limbs.
Conclusions
Inverse associations were verified between anthropometric variables and motor performance of capoeira athletes participating in the ABADÁ-Capoeira World Games. From the main outcome, it can be concluded that lower-limb power and agility were positively correlated with competitive performance indicators of female capoeiristas. Additionally, better performance in the motor tests of lower-limb power, agility, and abdominal endurance had predictive power, increasing the chance that female capoeira athletes would advance to the next and higher phase of the international competition.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank all our participants for their time spent with the search. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Deontology Committee of the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (Approval No. 2.210.868—CEDEP—UNIVASF); all participants were informed of the procedures to be adopted in the research and signed an informed-consent form. Disclosure of Funding Received for This Work: FACEPE to fund scholarships proc. IBPG-1274-4.00/21 (Research support foundation of Brazil); CAPES-PROAP (PPGCSB/PPGEF)—EDITAL N° 12/2024—PRPPGI/UNIVASF; and MEC/FNDE/PET-Educação Física—UNIVASF.
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